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NVIDIA NCA-GENL Exam Syllabus Topics:
Topic
Details
Topic 1
- This section of the exam measures skills of AI Product Developers and covers how to strategically plan experiments that validate hypotheses, compare model variations, or test model responses. It focuses on structure, controls, and variables in experimentation.
Topic 2
- Experiment Design
Topic 3
- Experimentation: This section of the exam measures the skills of ML Engineers and covers how to conduct structured experiments with LLMs. It involves setting up test cases, tracking performance metrics, and making informed decisions based on experimental outcomes.:
Topic 4
- Data Preprocessing and Feature Engineering: This section of the exam measures the skills of Data Engineers and covers preparing raw data into usable formats for model training or fine-tuning. It includes cleaning, normalizing, tokenizing, and feature extraction methods essential to building robust LLM pipelines.
Topic 5
- Python Libraries for LLMs: This section of the exam measures skills of LLM Developers and covers using Python tools and frameworks like Hugging Face Transformers, LangChain, and PyTorch to build, fine-tune, and deploy large language models. It focuses on practical implementation and ecosystem familiarity.
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NVIDIA Generative AI LLMs Sample Questions (Q15-Q20):
NEW QUESTION # 15
In the context of transformer-based large language models, how does the use of layer normalization mitigate the challenges associated with training deep neural networks?
- A. It reduces the computational complexity by normalizing the input embeddings.
- B. It replaces the attention mechanism to improve sequence processing efficiency.
- C. It stabilizes training by normalizing the inputs to each layer, reducing internal covariate shift.
- D. It increases the model's capacity by adding additional parameters to each layer.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Layer normalization is a technique used in transformer-based large language models (LLMs) to stabilize and accelerate training by normalizing the inputs to each layer. According to the original transformer paper ("Attention is All You Need," Vaswani et al., 2017) and NVIDIA's NeMo documentation, layer normalization reduces internal covariate shift by ensuring that the mean andvariance of activations remain consistent across layers, mitigating issues like vanishing or exploding gradients in deep networks. This is particularly crucial in transformers, which have many layers and process long sequences, making them prone to training instability. By normalizing the activations (typically after the attention and feed-forward sub- layers), layer normalization improves gradient flow and convergence. Option A is incorrect, as layer normalization does not reduce computational complexity but adds a small overhead. Option C is false, as it does not add significant parameters. Option D is wrong, as layer normalization complements, not replaces, the attention mechanism.
References:
Vaswani, A., et al. (2017). "Attention is All You Need."
NVIDIA NeMo Documentation: https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/nemo/user-guide/docs/en/stable/nlp
/intro.html
NEW QUESTION # 16
When designing an experiment to compare the performance of two LLMs on a question-answering task, which statistical test is most appropriate to determine if the difference in their accuracy is significant, assuming the data follows a normal distribution?
- A. Paired t-test
- B. ANOVA test
- C. Chi-squared test
- D. Mann-Whitney U test
Answer: A
Explanation:
The paired t-test is the most appropriate statistical test to compare the performance (e.g., accuracy) of two large language models (LLMs) on the same question-answering dataset, assuming the data follows a normal distribution. This test evaluates whether the mean difference in paired observations (e.g., accuracy on each question) is statistically significant. NVIDIA's documentation on model evaluation in NeMo suggests using paired statistical tests for comparing model performance on identical datasets to account for correlated errors.
Option A (Chi-squared test) is for categorical data, not continuous metrics like accuracy. Option C (Mann- Whitney U test) is non-parametric and used for non-normal data. Option D (ANOVA) is for comparing more than two groups, not two models.
References:
NVIDIA NeMo Documentation: https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/nemo/user-guide/docs/en/stable/nlp/model_finetuning.html
NEW QUESTION # 17
Which metric is commonly used to evaluate machine-translation models?
- A. Perplexity
- B. BLEU score
- C. ROUGE score
- D. F1 Score
Answer: B
Explanation:
The BLEU (Bilingual Evaluation Understudy) score is the most commonly used metric for evaluating machine-translation models. It measures the precision of n-gram overlaps between the generated translation and reference translations, providing a quantitative measure of translation quality. NVIDIA's NeMo documentation on NLP tasks, particularly machine translation, highlights BLEU as the standard metric for assessing translation performance due to its focus on precision and fluency. Option A (F1 Score) is used for classification tasks, not translation. Option C (ROUGE) is primarily for summarization, focusing on recall.
Option D (Perplexity) measures language model quality but is less specific to translation evaluation.
References:
NVIDIA NeMo Documentation: https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/nemo/user-guide/docs/en/stable/nlp
/intro.html
Papineni, K., et al. (2002). "BLEU: A Method for Automatic Evaluation of Machine Translation."
NEW QUESTION # 18
What is a Tokenizer in Large Language Models (LLM)?
- A. A technique used to convert text data into numerical representations called tokens for machine learning.
- B. A machine learning algorithm that predicts the next word/token in a sequence of text.
- C. A tool used to split text into smaller units called tokens for analysis and processing.
- D. A method to remove stop words and punctuation marks from text data.
Answer: C
Explanation:
A tokenizer in the context of large language models (LLMs) is a tool that splits text into smaller units called tokens (e.g., words, subwords, or characters) for processing by the model. NVIDIA's NeMo documentation on NLP preprocessing explains that tokenization is a critical step in preparing text data, with algorithms like WordPiece, Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE), or SentencePiece breaking text into manageable units to handle vocabulary constraints and out-of-vocabulary words. For example, the sentence "I love AI" might be tokenized into ["I", "love", "AI"] or subword units like ["I", "lov", "##e", "AI"]. Option A is incorrect, as removing stop words is a separate preprocessing step. Option B is wrong, as tokenization is not a predictive algorithm. Option D is misleading, as converting text to numerical representations is the role of embeddings, not tokenization.
References:
NVIDIA NeMo Documentation: https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/nemo/user-guide/docs/en/stable/nlp
/intro.html
NEW QUESTION # 19
In the Transformer architecture, which of the following statements about the Q (query), K (key), and V (value) matrices is correct?
- A. Q represents the query vector used to retrieve relevant information from the input sequence.
- B. K is responsible for computing the attention scores between the query and key vectors.
- C. V is used to calculate the positional embeddings for each token in the input sequence.
- D. Q, K, and V are randomly initialized weight matrices used for positional encoding.
Answer: A
Explanation:
In the transformer architecture, the Q (query), K (key), and V (value) matrices are used in the self-attention mechanism to compute relationships between tokens in a sequence. According to "Attention is All You Need" (Vaswani et al., 2017) and NVIDIA's NeMo documentation, the query vector (Q) represents the token seeking relevant information, the key vector (K) is used to compute compatibility with other tokens, and the value vector (V) provides the information to be retrieved. The attention score is calculated as a scaled dot- product of Q and K, and the output is a weighted sum of V. Option C is correct, as Q retrieves relevant information. Option A is incorrect, as Q, K, and V are not used for positional encoding. Option B is wrong, as attention scores are computed using both Q and K, not K alone. Option D is false, as positional embeddings are separate from V.
References:
Vaswani, A., et al. (2017). "Attention is All You Need."
NVIDIA NeMo Documentation:https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/nemo/user-guide/docs/en/stable/nlp
/intro.html
NEW QUESTION # 20
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